Nobel Prize 2026 / 2026 Nobel Prize in Medicine Honours Optogenetics Pioneers Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, Georg Nagel

Stockholm/New Delhi, Oct 5: The 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, and Georg Nagel for pioneering discoveries that led to the development of optogenetics, a revolutionary technique that allows scientists to use light to control nerve cells and better understand how the brain forms memories, emotions, and behaviours.

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm announced the award on Monday, recognising the trio's groundbreaking work on light-gated ion channels and optogenetics, which has reshaped modern neuroscience research.

To understand how the brain forms memories, feelings, and behaviours has long been a dream for researchers. Optogenetics makes it possible to switch on or off the activity of individual nerve cells in a living brain.

"Optogenetics provides opportunities for mapping the brain in a way that we could once only dream of," said Per Svenningsson, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine.

According to an official statement, Hegemann and Nagel discovered "channelrhodopsin", a protein with unique properties.

They found that regardless of which cell they put the protein in, those cells became light-sensitive.

"Deisseroth introduced the gene for ‘channelrhodopsin’ into nerve cells from rats. By illuminating the cells with blue light, he was able to trigger a nerve signal. Later, he made this light-controlled switch for nerve cells work in the brains of living mice," the statement noted.

This method for controlling nerve signals with light is now called optogenetics, and it has rapidly gained global impact.

Hegemann's research helped reveal how certain microorganisms sense light through specialised proteins.

Nagel subsequently helped demonstrate that these proteins could function as light-controlled ion channels.
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Using optogenetics, researchers have been able to reveal neural circuits governing specific memories, feelings, and behaviours relevant for neurological and psychiatric disorders.

In clinical medicine, researchers are using the method in attempts to restore sight in people with visual impairment.

Deisseroth is a professor of bioengineering, psychiatry, and behavioural sciences at Stanford University in the US. Hegemann, a German biophysicist, studied light-sensitive proteins in microorganisms. Nagel, a German neuroscientist, contributed to the discovery and characterisation of microbial opsins and demonstrated their potential as light-controlled ion channels.